Outcomes in endocrine surgery | Outcome studies specific to endocrine surgery | UCLA study on endocrine surgery outcomes | Surgeon experience, length of hospitalization, and the cost of endocrine surgical care | Outcomes in parathyroid surgery | Outcomes in adrenal surgery | Potential shortcomings of the UCLA study on endocrine surgery outcomes | What are the implications of the UCLA study and others? | References
What are surgical outcomes?
The growing field of surgical outcomes research examines the end results of surgical care, with the ultimate aim of improving the level of service provided to patients who undergo surgery for various diseases. Here are some examples of questions posed by surgical outcomes studies:
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We have already discussed the positive relationship between surgical volume (the number of operations performed at a given hospital or by a given surgeon) and outcomes. A small number of studies have examined the volume-outcomes relationship in endocrine surgery, and we will review those here.
Figure 1. Distribution of cases (endocrine operations, Panel A), complications (Panel B), and surgeons (Panel C) according to surgeon volume group (SVG). The number of cases performed by each surgeon volume group is indicated by the colored squares. Though cases were evenly distributed between groups, complications and surgeons were significantly skewed (see main text). View larger image >
In 1998, Sosa and associates studied more than 5000 thyroid operations performed in the state of Maryland (1) . They found that surgeons performing more then 100 thyroid operations per year had significantly lower overall complication rates, including lower rates of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury and wound complications, when compared to lower volume surgeons.
Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury leading to hoarseness is almost certainly the most worrisome possible complication of thyroid or parathyroid surgery. The rate of permanent nerve injury varies from 0-11% in the scientific literature. One of the largest studies addressing this specific complication was carried out by Dralle and associates in 2004 (2) . They examined 16,500 thyroid operations and 30,000 nerves at risk. They found that repeat (or “re-do”) operations on the thyroid and thyroid cancer operations were associated with a higher risk of nerve injury. Low volume surgeons had higher nerve injury rates. Importantly, the nerve monitor device did not reduce the likelihood of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. This finding reinforces established knowledge that protection of the nerve remains a function of surgeon skill.
One of the most comprehensive studies on outcomes in endocrine surgery was published by Stavrakis, Ituarte, Ko, and Yeh from UCLA in 2007 (3) . Our study examined 14,000 operations on the thyroid, parathyroids, and adrenal glands performed in the states of New York and Florida in the year 2002. The report was the first to encompass both inpatient and outpatient operations, the latter of which make up a growing proportion of endocrine procedures. Surgeons were categorized into six surgeon volume groups (SVG) in the following manner:
The categories were chosen to split the total number of operations evenly between the six groups, with each surgeon volume group responsible for about 2300 operations (Figure 1).
Several things can be learned by looking at the three pie charts in Figure 1:
The table in Figure 2 shows complications rates that have been adjusted for factors that might make a given operation more risky (examples include advanced patient age, cancer, obesity, and bleeding disorders). Figure 2 shows that:
Figure 2. Adjusted complication rates for thyroid and parathyroid surgery according to surgeon volume group. The lowest volume surgeons (1-3 endocrine operations per year) had a higher complication rate than average, whereas the highest volume surgeons (100+ endocrine operations per year) had a lower complication rate than average. This effect was most prominent for parathyroid surgery. View larger image >
Figure 3. Length of hospitalization following thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal surgery according to surgeon volume group. Patients treated by more experienced surgeons tend to leave the hospital earlier after surgery. View larger image >
In the present era of rising health care costs, economic outcomes of surgical care must also be examined. Figure 3 depicts our data on length of stay following endocrine surgery, and Figure 4 shows the total charges accrued during hospitalization. Along the bottom, we once again have categorized the data by surgeon volume group. Several things can be learned from examining these graphs:
These economic figures should be important to patients and insurers alike. Contrary to commonly held beliefs, treatment received at a specialty center is actually less expensive than that received at a non-specialty center. Patients recover more quickly and leave the hospital sooner after treatment by experienced surgeons.
Why does this make sense? Because the most costly aspect of surgical care arises from the need to manage complications. Avoidance of complications yields a win-win-win scenario with respect to patient outcomes, recovery time, and the overall cost of care. Specialty centers are also likely to have developed sophisticated systems of care that create standards of practice and reduce the likelihood of medical errors.
Our study specifically and systematically examines outcomes in parathyroid surgery. To our knowledge, it is the first and only analysis of parathyroid surgery on this scale. In our assessment of both clinical and economic outcomes for various endocrine operations, parathyroid surgery was found to be the most sensitive to surgeon volume. Patients undergoing parathyroid surgery by the lowest volume surgeons were almost eight times more likely to experience complications than those treated by the highest volume surgeons (Figure 2).
Figure 4. Total hospital charges during hospitalization for thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal surgery according to surgeon volume group. Surgical care provided by more experienced surgeons tends to be less costly. View larger image >
It is well known that adrenal diseases, such as pheochromocytoma, primary hyperaldosteronism ( Conn ’s syndrome), adrenal Cushing’s syndrome, and adrenocortical carcinoma, are often very complex and challenging to treat. Major physiologic changes arise from imbalances in adrenal hormones before surgery, during surgery, and after surgery.
Not surprisingly, adrenal surgery is associated with complication rates in the 15-20% range (3, 4) . Thus far, no clear relationship between surgeon volume and complication rates has been identified for adrenal surgery, suggesting that adrenal outcomes may largely be a function of the nature of disease. That said, the UCLA study demonstrated that surgeon experience in endocrine surgery was still associated with shorter hospitalization following adrenal surgery (Figure 3). Our conclusion was that experienced endocrine surgeons may be more skilled in effectively managing a certain number of inevitable complications that arise in the treatment of adrenal diseases.
We utilized state-level data from New York and Florida in 2002 for several reasons. These are highly populated states with well-maintained health care databases, particularly regarding outpatient surgery. There is often a 5-year lag time for a given year’s data to become available to researchers. These factors may limit the generalizability of our findings to the rest of the country, and to the health care landscape in 2008. The study is also limited by coding bias, meaning that we are dependent on state health administrators to accurately classify operations and complications. This process is prone to certain types of errors, which causes a degree of uncertainly in our results.
1. Sosa JA, Bowman HM, Tielsch JM, Powe NR, Gordon TA, and Udelsman R. The importance of surgeon experience for clinical and economic outcomes from thyroidectomy. Ann Surg, 228: 320-330, 1998.
2. Dralle H, Sekulla C, Haerting J, Timmermann W, Neumann HJ, Kruse E, Grond S, Muhlig HP, Richter C, Voss J, Thomusch O, Lippert H, Gastinger I, Brauckhoff M, and Gimm O. Risk factors of paralysis and functional outcome after recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring in thyroid surgery. Surgery, 136: 1310-1322, 2004.
3. Stavrakis AI, Ituarte PH, Ko CY, and Yeh MW. Surgeon volume as a predictor of outcomes in inpatient and outpatient endocrine surgery. Surgery, 142: 887-899; discussion 887-899, 2007.
4. Gallagher SF, Wahi M, Haines KL, Baksh K, Enriquez J, Lee TM, Murr MM, and Fabri PJ. Trends in adrenalectomy rates, indications, and physician volume: A statewide analysis of 1816 adrenalectomies. Surgery, 142: 1011-1021; discussion 1011-1021, 2007.
5. Saunders BD, Wainess RM, Dimick JB, Doherty GM, Upchurch GR, and Gauger PG. Who performs endocrine operations in the United States? Surgery, 134: 924-931; discussion 931, 2003.
6. Sosa JA, Mehta PJ, Wang TS, Yeo HL, and Roman SA. Racial disparities in clinical and economic outcomes from thyroidectomy. Ann Surg, 246: 1083-1091, 2007.
