New recommendations by the national Institute of Medicine to limit the work hours of medical residents and improve their educational conditions would cost the nation's teaching hospitals about $1.6 billion annually to hire substitute workers, according to a new report from the RAND Corp. and UCLA.
While society may benefit if such changes reduce medical errors, as intended, limiting trainee workloads would create a substantial new expense for academic medical centers, according to the study, published in the May 21 edition of the New England Journal of Medicine.
"Adopting new restrictions on the work hours of physicians in training would impose a substantial new cost on the nation's 8,500 physician training programs," said lead author Dr. Teryl K. Nuckols, assistant professor of medicine in the division of general internal medicine and health services research at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and a researcher at RAND, a nonprofit research organization. "There is no obvious way to pay for these changes, so that's one major issue that must be addressed."
In December 2008, the Institute of Medicine released a report calling for revisions to medical residents' workloads and schedules to decrease the chances of fatigue-related medical errors and to enhance the learning environment. Recommendations included requiring time for sleep during prolonged shifts, reducing shifts to 16 hours if residents do not have time for sleep, reducing residents' workloads and increasing the number of days residents must have off.
Graduate medical education programs traditionally have required residents to work long hours, often more than 100 per week. Such training programs generally run three to seven years following medical school.
The study by RAND Health and UCLA provides new details about the potential costs and clinical implications of the Institute of Medicine recommendations, expanding upon a cost analysis described in the original report.
Should the recommendations be adopted, researchers say teaching hospitals would need to make up for residents' shorter work hours by either hiring other providers, such as physician assistants, to do the work or by expanding the number of residency positions.
While adding residency slots could help ease physician shortages in some specialties, it also could lead to oversupply in others, according to the study. Researchers estimate that residency positions would need to grow by about 8 percent overall to meet staffing needs under the Institute of Medicine recommendations.
"The trainees who are working more than the proposed limits would allow are not necessarily in the specialties where more physicians are needed," Nuckols said. "For example, pediatric residents work a lot of hours, but there is no evidence that there are too few pediatricians."
Researchers estimate that adopting the Institute of Medicine's recommendations would cost each major teaching hospital about $3.2 million annually on average. That figure is higher than some proven quality-improvement efforts for hospitals, such as computerized physician order entry and medication bar-coding systems. But it would be less expensive than other proposals, such as requiring that there be one nurse for every four patients.
One study of shorter work shifts suggests that reducing resident work hours could cut serious medical errors by 25 percent in medical intensive care units. But few errors cause injury, and the effects could be different in other clinical settings, according to the study. In addition, revising work rules could prompt other types of medical errors as the care of hospitalized patients is more frequently handed from one provider to another.
Researchers say adopting the work hours and workload recommendations of the Institute of Medicine report would be more expensive for teaching hospitals than a major revision of resident work hours adopted by training programs six years ago. Those rules say that residents should not work more than an average of 80 hours per week, among other limits. Nearly a quarter of the costs estimated by the researchers would be necessary, however, just to bring residents into compliance with those current rules.
"Residency programs already have picked much of the low-hanging fruit by reducing the non-educational duties placed on residents," Nuckols said. "Further changes will require that hospitals hire professionals with high levels of training, such as nurse practitioners and physicians, and that will be expensive."
Other authors of the study are Dr. Jose J. Escarce of RAND and UCLA; Dr. Jay Bhattacharya of Stanford University, who is a member of the Institute of Medicine committee that issued the report; and Dianne Miller Wolman and Cheryl Ulmer of the Institute of Medicine.
Support for the study was provided by the Institute of Medicine, under contract to the federal Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
RAND Health, a division of the RAND Corp., is the nation's largest independent health policy research program, with a broad research portfolio that focuses on quality, costs, health services delivery, and health promotion and disease prevention, among other topics. RAND Health is the creator of COMPARE (Comprehensive Assessment of Reform Efforts), a one-of-a-kind online resource that provides objective analysis about national health care reform proposals. Visit www.randcompare.org to learn more.
The General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research Divison in the department of medicine at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA provides a unique interactive environment for collaborative efforts between health services researchers and clinical experts with experience in evidence-based work. The division's 100-plus clinicians and researchers are engaged in a wide variety of projects that examine issues related to access to care, quality of care, health measurement, physician education, clinical ethics and doctor-patient communication. Researchers in the division have close working relationships with economists, statisticians, social scientists and other specialists throughout UCLA and frequently collaborate with their counterparts at the RAND Corp. and the Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science.
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