UCLA researchers have discovered a common process in the development of late-stage, small cell cancers of the prostate and lung. These shared molecular mechanisms could lead to the development of drugs to treat not just prostate and lung cancers, but also small cell cancers of almost any organ.
A microscopic image of small cell neuroendocrine prostate cancer, with cancer cells expressing diagnostic prostate cancer markers in green and red. Blue areas indicate cell nuclei. Photo: Courtesy of Drs. Jung Wook Park and Owen Witte
The key finding: Prostate and lung cells have very different patterns of gene expression when they are healthy but have almost identical patterns when they transform into small cell cancers. The research suggests that different types of small cell tumors evolve similarly, even when they come from different organs.
Cancers that become resistant to treatment often develop into small cell cancers — also known as small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas, or SCNCs — which generally have extremely poor prognoses. Certain cancers can evade treatment in part by changing cell types — from aggressive adenocarcinoma to small cell carcinoma, for example.
Previous research hinted that small cell cancers from different organs may be driven by common mechanisms, but the UCLA study is the first to clearly describe the steps in their evolution. “Small cell cancers of the lung, prostate, bladder and other tissues were long thought to be similar in name alone, and they were treated by oncologists as different entities,” says Owen Witte, MD, founding director of the UCLA Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research and professor of microbiology, immunology and molecular genetics. “Over the past few years, though, researchers have increasingly begun to realize that there are similarities in the cancers, and that’s what our work confirms.”
Jung Wook Park, PhD, the study’s first author, and UCLA collaborators explored the potential parallels between the cancer types by transplanting human prostate cells with five genes, known collectively as PARCB, into mice. When those cells grew in the mice, they displayed unique features of human SCNCs.
The team also identified that for SCNCs to develop in the prostate, two tumor suppressor genes, TP53 and RB1, which are known for protecting normal cells from transforming into cancer cells, had to be simultaneously inactivated when PARCB was introduced. Additional tests confirmed striking similarities between the PARCB–SCNCs cells and small cell prostate cancer cells from humans. In particular, RNA expression and the turning on and off of certain genes were nearly identical.
The team also looked at large databases of gene expression to compare the patterns of gene expression in their PARCB-SCNC cells to cancers of other organs. They found that the pattern of gene expression in PARCB-SCNC cells was extremely similar to those of prostate and lung small cell cancers. Next, they tested whether PARCB genes could alter healthy cells from human lungs into small cell lung cancers, and the scientists found that they could. The team now is working on mapping which genes control the entire cascade of events that underlies the transition to small cell cancer.
“Reprogramming Normal Human Epithelial Tissues to a Common, Lethal Neuroendocrine Cancer Lineage,” Science, October 5, 2018
