Spinal cord damage blocks the routes the brain uses to send messages to the nerve cells that control walking. For years, doctors believed that the only way injured patients could walk again was to regrow the long nerve highways that link the brain and base of the spinal cord.
Now, for the first time, a UCLA study shows that the central nervous system can reorganize itself and follow new pathways to restore the cellular communication required for movement.
The discovery, published in the January edition of the journal Nature Medicine, could lead to new therapies for the estimated 250,000 Americans who suffer from traumatic spinal cord injuries. An additional 10,000 cases occur each year, according to the Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation, which helped fund the UCLA study.
"Imagine the long nerve fibers that run between the cells in the brain and lower spinal cord as major freeways," said Dr. Michael Sofroniew, the study's lead author and a professor of neurobiology at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA. "When there's a traffic accident on the freeway, what do drivers do? They take shorter surface streets. These detours aren't as fast or direct but still allow drivers to reach their destination.
"We saw something similar in our research," he said. "When spinal cord damage blocked direct signals from the brain, under certain conditions the messages were able to make detours around the injury. The message would follow a series of shorter connections to deliver the brain's command to move the legs."
Using a mouse model, Sofroniew and his colleagues blocked off half of the long nerve fibers on each side of the spinal cord in different places and at different times. They left untouched the spinal cord's center, which contains a connected series of shorter nerve pathways. The latter convey information over short distances up and down the spinal cord.
What they discovered surprised them.
"We were excited to see that most of the mice regained the ability to control their legs within eight weeks," Sofroniew said. "They walked more slowly and less confidently than before their injury but still recovered mobility."
When the researchers blocked the short nerve pathways in the center of the spinal cord, the regained function disappeared, returning the animals' paralysis. This step confirmed that the nervous system had rerouted messages from the brain to the spinal cord using the shorter pathways and that these nerve cells were critical to the animal's recovery.
"When I was a medical student, my professors taught that the brain and spinal cord were hardwired at birth and could not adapt to damage," Sofroniew said. "Severe injury to the spinal cord meant permanent paralysis.
"This pessimistic view has changed over my lifetime, and our findings add to a growing body of research showing that the nervous system can reorganize after injury," he said. "What we demonstrate here is that the body can use alternate nerve pathways to deliver instructions that control walking."
The UCLA team's next step will be to learn how to entice nerve cells in the spinal cord to grow and form new pathways that connect across or around an injury site, enabling the brain to direct these cells. If the researchers succeed, the findings could lead to the development of new strategies for restoring mobility following spinal cord injury.
"Our study has identified cells that we can target to try to restore communication between the brain and spinal cord," Sofroniew said. "If we can use existing nerve connections instead of attempting to rebuild the nervous system the way it existed before injury, our job of repairing spinal cord damage will become much easier."
Spinal cord injury involves damage to the nerves enclosed within the spinal canal; most injuries result from trauma to the vertebral column. This affects the brain's ability to send and receive messages below the injury site to the systems that control breathing, movement and digestion. Patients generally experience greater paralysis when injury strikes higher in the spinal column.
The study was supported by grants from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, the Adelson Medical Research Foundation, the Roman Reed Spinal Cord Injury Research Fund of California, and the Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation.
Sofroniew's co-authors included Gregoire Courtine, Dr. Bingbing Song, Roland Roy, Hui Zhong, Julia Herrmann, Dr. Yan Ao, Jingwei Qi and Reggie Edgerton, all of UCLA.
