Low birthweight in newborns linked to high levels of protein that protects placenta from cell damage

Mother and newborn

FINDINGS

UCLA scientists have discovered higher levels of a protein called humanin in the placenta tissue of women who give birth to severely underweight infants. Humanin plays a role in breaking down carbohydrates and delivering nutrients to organs and muscle. The researchers suspect that levels of humanin rise to protect the fetus when the placenta fails, which is a common cause of babies being born at a below-normal weights.

BACKGROUND

Up to 10 percent of pregnancies are affected by intrauterine growth restriction, which typically causes full-term newborns to weigh less than 5 1/2 pounds at delivery. The condition heightens the risk for a wide range of serious health problems. Physicians have not yet proven what causes intrauterine growth restriction, but most blame a malfunction in the placenta that prevents the mother’s bloodstream from delivering oxygen and nutrients to her fetus.

METHOD

In studying the human placenta, the UCLA researchers looked at gene expression, the process by which a gene’s DNA sequence is converted into cellular proteins. They compared the placentas of women who gave birth to healthy babies to the placentas of women who delivered low-birthweight infants. The team found significantly higher levels of humanin in the latter group. This protein protects against oxidative stress, which hampers the body’s ability to defend itself against toxic free radicals, a type of particle linked to disease.

IMPACT

The finding may help researchers unravel the reasons that low-birthweight babies face a higher risk of obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes and heart disease as adults.

AUTHORS

Dr. Carla Janzen, an associate professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and Dr. Sherin Devaskar, the Mattel Executive Endowed Chair in Pediatrics at UCLA Mattel Children’s Hospital and executive director of the UCLA Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute, led the study.

JOURNAL

The findings are published in the March 28 edition of PLOS ONE.

FUNDING

The study was supported by funding from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.

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